SUBSTITUTIONS WHEN COOKING

Did you ever start to make something only to realize you didn't have a necessary ingredient? I know I have and it can be very frustrating. In going through some old cookbooks, I have figured out ways to make substitutions that won't mess up the finished product. Here are a few of them:

1 tablespoon cornstarch = 2 tbsps flour or 1 1/2 tbsps quick cook tapico
1 cup cake flour = 1 cup - 2 tbsps all-purpose flour
1 cup all-purpose flour = 1 cup + 2 tbsps cake flour
1 square baking chocolate = 3 tbsps cocoa + 1 tbsp shortening
1 cup MELTED shortening = 1 cup vegetable oil
1 cup milk = 1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water
1 cup buttermilk = 1 tbsp vinegar + enough milk to make 1 cup
1 cup heavy cream = 2/3 cup milk and 1/3 cup butter
1 cup heavy cream, whipped = 2/3 cup well chilled evaporated milk, whipped
1 garlic clove = 1/8 tsp garlic powder
1 tablespoon fresh herbs = 1 teaspoon dried herbs